Ihrm Reflects the Interest of Hr Managers Who May Seek to Promote Their Own Interests Rather Than the Needs of Organisations. Essay Example

Ihrm Reflects the Interest of Hr Managers Who May Seek to Promote Their Own Interests Rather Than the Needs of Organisations. Essay Report Question: IHRM reflects the interest of HR managers who may seek to promote their own interests rather than the needs of organisations. Nowadays, many people might think that International Human Resource Management (IHRM) is synonymous with expatriate management. However, IHRM covers more than just the management of expatriates. According to Laurent (1986, pp. 91-93), IHRM is a set of activities aimed managing organisational human resources at international level to achieve organisational goals and achieve competitive advantage over competitors at national and international level. IHRM includes typical HRM functions such as human resource planning, recruitment, selection, placement, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation at international level and additional activities such as global skills management, expatriate management and so on. According to Scullion (1995, pp352-353), IHRM has become more important in recent years for a number of reasons. First, global activities and global competitions has been increasing rapidly. As the Multinational Companies increase in number and influence, the role of IHRM in those companies grows in significance. Secondly, the effectiveness of International Human Resource Management is now recognised as a major determinant and key source of success or failure in international business. Dowling, Festing and Engle (2008, pp. 9) state that International business has more competitive advantage if they have successful management, and there has been consistent evidence to suggest that business failures in the international arena are often linked to poor management of human resources. Besides, the nature of IHRM has grown more complex over the years. We will write a custom essay sample on Ihrm Reflects the Interest of Hr Managers Who May Seek to Promote Their Own Interests Rather Than the Needs of Organisations. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ihrm Reflects the Interest of Hr Managers Who May Seek to Promote Their Own Interests Rather Than the Needs of Organisations. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ihrm Reflects the Interest of Hr Managers Who May Seek to Promote Their Own Interests Rather Than the Needs of Organisations. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Managing people from different backgrounds and cultures in a global environment presents and encounters many challenges. IHRM is highly dynamic and constantly evolving. It involves the same activities and dimensions as domestic HRM but operates on a much larger scale. There is more internal and external influence in IHRM. According to Dennis and Randall (2004, pp. 22-25), there are huge differences between domestic HRM and International HRM (IHRM). Firstly, domestic HRM is concerned with managing employees  belong  to one nation and IHRM is concerned with anaging  employees  belong to many nations including host-country, parent country and third country employees. Languages and jargons become communication barriers in IHRM. Secondly, domestic HRM is concerned with managing limited number of HRM activities at national level and IHRM has concerned with managing additional activities such as global skills and expatriate  management. Lastly, domestic HRM is less complicated due to less influence from the external  environment. IHRM is very complicated as it is affected heavily by external factors such as cultural distance and institutional factors. All the evidences show that IHRM is more complicated than domestic HRM, as a result, there is higher level of risks and more influence into employees’ lives and family situation. One of the biggest issues is IHRM reflects the interest of HR managers who may seek to promote their own interests rather than the needs of organisations. Firstly, Dowling, Festing and Engle (2008, pp. 5) stress that, One of the key features of IHRM as distinct from domestic HRM are expatriates (an ‘employee who is working and temporarily residing in a foreign country). † This statement reflects the uncertainty of employee’s position and duty in IHRM. Due to the differences between domestic HRM and IHRM, when HR managers work in an international organisation, they will realize the uncertainty of their job where they might encounter great difficulties in managin g employees, that came from different nations, gender and mixed workforce. In order to secure their job, according to Steven, Mara and Tony (2010, pp. 44-46) HR manager tend to promote their personal interests but neglect the needs of organisations. Secondly, according to Mark, peter and Rae (2012, pp. 416-428), â€Å"The employment relations climate of an organisation has considerable impact on employees’ performance. † It shows evidence that poor employment relations may also affect HR managers’ motivation and morale. Poor employment relation and conflict may lead to low productivity, failure in promoting and achieve organisational needs. HR managers focus on their own interest rather than the needs of organisations. Thirdly, when HR managers working and temporarily residing in a foreign country, they are unfamiliar with the new environment, they are lack of information about the organisation’s objectives, background and needs. HR managers found that it is difficult to achieve organisation goals. Lastly, organisation have poor performance management will also lead to HR managers ignored the organisation’s needs. HR managers did not get enough standard to follow. In order to improve these situations, there are several methods that organisation can do to solve and prevent HR managers tend to promote their own interests rather than the needs of organisations in IHRM. Steven, Mara and Tony (2010, pp. 363-365) indicate that a better workspace design such as cloister employees into team spaces can improve workplace communication. A better communication channel at workplace can reduce uncertainty at work, especially in IHRM, employees are from different nations, these can encourage sufficient interaction between HR managers and their colleagues. Less uncertainty in workplace, HR managers are more willing to achieve the needs of organisations. Secondly, according to Mark, peter and Rae (2012, pp. 209-222), organisation can improve employment relations by setting up trade unions, giving HR managers and employees a channel to express their opinions and negotiations. In IHRM, some of the headquarters and Branch Company of international business are not in the same country, trade unions can make the communication easier. Organisation should also give feedback to them. Better employment relations can improve employees’ productivity and achieve better performances. Thirdly, organisation should provide enough information of organisational structure, background, objectives, standards and expectations to HR managers. Provide clear guidelines can avoid confusion. In addition, according to Raymond and Colin (2009, pp. 2-8), organisation can also provide training when they recruit new HR managers or new placement. Lastly, organisation should improve performance management, appropriate management can improve HR managers performance and increase motivation. Besides, organisation can match the employee interest to job tasks to achieve higher performances. Listen to managers opinion and discuss objectives together can also achieve higher performance. In conclusion, HR managers tend to promote their own interests rather than the needs of organisations in IHRM because of uncertainty, poor employment relations, lack of organisations’ support and information and poor performance management. It is hard to say those entire problems are because of HR managers, both HR managers and organisations are responsible for the problem. HR managers and organisations should work together to overcome those problems in achieving the needs of organisations. (Word Count: 1066 words) Reference list Dennis, RB Randall, SS 2004, International Human Resource Management: Policy and practice for the global enterprise, 2nd edn, Routledge, New York. Dowling, P, Festing, M Engle, SR 2008, International Human Resource management, Cengage Learning, Melbourne. Laurent, A 1986, ‘The cross-cultural puzzle of international human resource management’, International Studies of Management and Organization, vol. 5, issue 1, pp. 91-102, viewed 8 September 2012, . Mark, B, Peter, W Rae C 2012, Employment Relations: Theory and Practice, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Limited, Australia. Raymond, AN Colin, W 2009, Employee Training and Development: For Australia New Zealand, 1st edn, McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Limited, Australia. Scullion, h 1995, International human resource management, in J. Storey edn, Human Resource Ma nagement, London. Steven, M, Mara, O Tony, T 2010, Organisational behaviour on the Pacific Rim, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Limited, Australia.

Free Essays on African Dance

The African aesthetic dance form has many characteristics that have influenced the dance forms of The New World, starting with the sacred circle in Dahomey to the Vodun ritual, Ring Shout, up to Minstrelsy, Vaudville, and musical theatre. The characteristics include the Di-bod philosophy which is an emphasis on the joints, and the movements are centrifugal in which the pelvic region is emphasized. They dance in a crouched position and are always barefoot giving them more of a connection to the earth. The dances were rhythmic, they didn’t dance with out drums for the drums were symbolized as a heart beat, and were hermeneutic, interprets life and feelings. The movements were dynamic; continuous and percussive, as opposed to static, holding a position as done in the Hindu religion. The movements also imitate animals in a realistic detail, and are polyrhythmic; all body parts are moving to different drum beats. Also improvisation was of great importance for it was historicall y used as a survival technique. The sacred circle in Dahomey was the beginning of all circle dances. The circle in the circle dance had great meaning, it represented life and how it keeps moving as if in a circle. In the circle of life we go from birth to living to death over and over again, it is a never ending circle cycle. Its form included the shuffling of the feet in a crouched position, everybody part is moving and you are moving in a counterclockwise position. The sacred circle was later transformed into the Ring shout once it reached the New World and unlike the Ring Shout the circle dance had the choice of crossing there feet while dancing. This sacred circle gave way to many other dance forms and served as a foundation to American dance. Haitian Vodun began in 1531 and is said to be â€Å"a dance of the spirit: a system of movement gestures, prayers, and songs on veneration of the invisible forces of life†. Vodun is a spiritual practice of most H... Free Essays on African Dance Free Essays on African Dance The African aesthetic dance form has many characteristics that have influenced the dance forms of The New World, starting with the sacred circle in Dahomey to the Vodun ritual, Ring Shout, up to Minstrelsy, Vaudville, and musical theatre. The characteristics include the Di-bod philosophy which is an emphasis on the joints, and the movements are centrifugal in which the pelvic region is emphasized. They dance in a crouched position and are always barefoot giving them more of a connection to the earth. The dances were rhythmic, they didn’t dance with out drums for the drums were symbolized as a heart beat, and were hermeneutic, interprets life and feelings. The movements were dynamic; continuous and percussive, as opposed to static, holding a position as done in the Hindu religion. The movements also imitate animals in a realistic detail, and are polyrhythmic; all body parts are moving to different drum beats. Also improvisation was of great importance for it was historicall y used as a survival technique. The sacred circle in Dahomey was the beginning of all circle dances. The circle in the circle dance had great meaning, it represented life and how it keeps moving as if in a circle. In the circle of life we go from birth to living to death over and over again, it is a never ending circle cycle. Its form included the shuffling of the feet in a crouched position, everybody part is moving and you are moving in a counterclockwise position. The sacred circle was later transformed into the Ring shout once it reached the New World and unlike the Ring Shout the circle dance had the choice of crossing there feet while dancing. This sacred circle gave way to many other dance forms and served as a foundation to American dance. Haitian Vodun began in 1531 and is said to be â€Å"a dance of the spirit: a system of movement gestures, prayers, and songs on veneration of the invisible forces of life†. Vodun is a spiritual practice of most H...

Effective Management Of Post-Operative Pain Literature review

Effective Management Of Post-Operative Pain - Literature review Example Effective pain management not only reduces the stay of patients at the hospital but also reduces the cost involved. Pain management is considered as the second most common nursing intervention. It is however still a consistent problem faced and has not been adequately addressed yet. The recurrence and higher probability of pain after surgery indicates the overall significance of the problem faced by the medical professionals. Since last many decades, various studies have critically highlighted the inadequate nature of the post-operative pain management by the physicians as well as by the nurses. These studies not only highlight the inadequate knowledge of the medical professionals but also provide a critical insight into the attitude of nurses and medical professionals towards post-operative pain management. Since it is also the second most common cause of nursing intervention therefore it directly affects the way nurses perform their job. What is critical to note however is the fact that medical professionals including nurses lack the knowledge, education and face other barriers to manage the post-operative pain. This literature review will present a critical review of 10 articles on this topic using Critical Appraisal Skill Programme tool to critically evaluate the articles under study. Methodological Overview of Articles Rajeh et.al (2008) used a qualitative approach to understand and explore the perceptions and experience of nurses regarding post-operative pain management. By using semi-structured interviews from 26 nurses in Iranian educational hospitals, this study utilized constant comparative method to analyze the data. It has been suggested that there are widespread knowledge gaps which need to be addressed in order to effectively tackle post-operative pain management issues. Same approach has been undertaken by Blondal & Halldorsdottir (2009) also where through 20 dialogues with 10 experienced nurses were conducted to understand as to how nurses care patients suffering post-operative pain. This was a phenomenological study with focus on understanding the motivations of nurses in pain management and what actually restricts them to achieve the objective of relieving patient sufferings. A similar type of study was carried out by Subramian et. al (2011) by using semi-structured interviews of 21 nurses working in the critical care of the acute teaching healthcare trusts in UK. This study was qualitative and exploratory in nature and a framework analysis was performed. This study however, highlighted various challenges faced by the nurses in terms of their ability to provide pain management support to patients under critical care. Wilson (2007) aimed at understanding as to whether education actually results into better pain management capabilities of nurses or not. Wilson (2007) focused on understanding the influence of post-registration education and clinical experience could actually result into better management of pain. 100 questi onnaires were circulated by the researcher out of which 86 were returned. However, a sample of 72 was taken out of which 35 nurses were from hospice/oncology and 37 were from district hospitals (general). It has been argued that working environment tend to have relative greater influence on the ability of nurse to administer pain as compared to their knowledge and education suggesting that overall influences on nurses in terms of their ability to manage pain are complex in nature. Richards (2007) conducted a qualitative study to understand the influence of experience on the nurses’ ability to actually manage post-operative p

Apples pricing strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Apples pricing strategy - Essay Example However, after carefully analyzing this issue, it is safe to say that Apple should continue to price its products at a very high level for numerous reasons. One of the key reasons why Apple should continue to price its products high is due to the fact that Apple’s technology is ten years ahead of the technological curve. That enables Apple to not to avoid the pressure of competing with other firms when it comes to price since consumers are willing to allocate their funds to buy Apple products. For instance, the IPAD 2, should be priced at $500. Although other similar types of tablets that are produced by Dell or the Android are available at a lower price, it does not diminish the fact that the IPAD 2 obliterates the market with its functionality. No product in the market currently possessed two cameras, a dual-core chip, and is light-weight like the IPAD 2. Another reason why Apple should continue to price its products and services high is because of price elasticity. Price el asticity is defined as the response by the product when the price of the product is modified. If Apple was to drop the price of its new Iphone 4 from $599.99 to $399, it would be detrimental to the company itself since the demand will not drastically change, but Apple’s profit margin would be lower [1].

Factors in American Democracy

Factors in American Democracy American Democracy The seven key functions of interest groups. The interest groups are organizations that may be formed in reaction to certain issues either as a single event or threat that may later become institutionalized. They are private organizations that endeavor to influence public officials to respond the shared aspirations of their members without holding to political power. They stimulate interest in public affairs through members representation based on a criterion of shared beliefs rather than by geography. Interest groups provide useful data to governments and are a means through which political participation is attained hence they act as a check and balance. This is a fundamental role that manifest itself in politics, education, business etc. These Interest groups may be for profit while others are for non profit. One function of interest groups is to garner representation that may be political. They seek out memberships as more members more power hence attaining a position where election outcome is influenced. Therefore securing money for its cause is central and advantageous in order for it to sustain itself and be effective at lobbying and influence government policy. They have the responsibility of spreading information to the general public because they pose information that either the public or the policymakers may lack. This helps it to gain more followers and influence policy makers to take certain favorable actions. They have an inbuilt mechanism to change policy both in both private and public spheres. Interest groups do educate both their own constituents and the public and by this members are educated on the most recent developments on the issues at hand. With their developed expertise on a particular field or policy area they are normally called to testify before congress on their position concerning legislation (Aldrich, 1995). The two-party system today: is it in decline or in resurgence? Over the last three decades pundits have claimed that the American political parties are on the decline in the US politics. Their role has been reducing in the political process and it has been inferred that they are not a useful tool any more. The political action committee (PACs) has supplemented the political parties rendering them to be outdated. The view is reinforced with the idea that candidates are independent of political parties to get elected rendering the parties to be less significant. Parties do not make significant and purposeful stand on issues but are concerned with accommodating followers form the middle of the ideological spectrum rendering them irrelevant to progression of society. The party leaders do not make important decisions on presidential candidate as a result of party primaries and committees. The role of the party in educating and influencing the electorate has been overtaken by the mass electronic media. Democratic Party reformed the delegate selection process trough the 1968 convention that led to increase usage of the primaries leading to an increased youth, women and minorities representation. These reforms in the Democratic Party have made it to be reflective to the view of academicians and intellectuals at the expense of the working masses, unionist, elected officials etc who have the numbers. A large number of citizens are distrustful to the major parties viewing them as corrupt institutions that circumvent the issues at hand, have no ideas and follow public opinions rather than generate them. Nevertheless political parties still do play a crucial role in American politics (Reichley, 2000). The parties are transforming but not declining despite the political environment being more candidates centered than before. Today parties are better funded with permanent headq uarters. They are more capable to providing assistance to states and local party organizations due to the strengthened financial base. They have defined themselves as providers of expertise to the needy but they cannot themselves acquire it. They have shown unity during roll call votes in congress and after the 1968 convection the Democratic Party replaced the unit rule with system of proportionality. The Republican Party has given the national committees more control over presidential campaigns and urged state parties to encourage broader participation of all groups. Today both parties do provide training sessions for candidates on campaign planning, marketing, fund raising, volunteers and campaign scheduling. The two major political parties have demonstrated adaptability to change with time and respond to constitutes demand despite the cultural and structural forces that perpetuate the two party system showing little signs of relenting. The three types of third parties. The US electoral system works against a proliferation of political parties but minor parties and independents have still managed to run for office. Third parties are created for various reasons; a split within the republican and democratic parties often represents factions over policy issues. These splinter parties have been at the forefront in gaining popularity and the electorate college (Aldrich, 1995). Ideologically related parties and issue advocacy parties do cover both ends of the political continuum. These political parties are formed around single issues e.g. green energy. Voters normally vote for third parties because they are trying to send a message to the two big parties often with success. Both the two major parties have embraced reforms and programs that were often rejected when presented by third parties. Third parties in the long run do fail to maintain themselves at local and state levels due to skimming of their talent by the major parties. There members are always small to have any domineering influence plus lacking the financial resources to carry out effective campaigns. The two major parties consolidate their dominance of the political system through high profile campaigns and conventions subsidized by tax payer’s money. Nevertheless they have been successful at calling for attention to an otherwise ignored, misrepresented or surprised issues. They have over the years managed to get the major political parties to adopt the most important portion of third party platforms as theirs giving the far sighted voter a means of making tangible statements with greater impact on the direction of the country. They work to enhance the prospects and credibility of lesser know ideas and lesser known candidates to gain and solidify ballot access. There activity provides whoever wins off ice with a more latitude and public support in choosing new public policy approaches or solutions to existing or future problems or concerns (Schaffner, 2012). Elements of referendums, initiatives, and recalls. Many countries that are representative’s democracies permit three forms of political action providing limited direct democracy. These are initiative, referendum and recall. An initiative is a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote on a proposed law, amendments or ordinance. It allows citizens to bypass their state legislature through placing proposed statutes or constitutional amendments on the ballot. In America twenty four states have adopted the initiative proceeds in their constitutions. Two types of initiatives exist. Direct initiatives are submitted to the legislature which may act on the proposal. This depends on the state hence the question may go to the ballot and if rejected a different proposal is submitted. For indirect process the legislature submits a competing measure that appears on the ballot together with the original proposal examples states of Nevada, Ohio and Massachusetts. In Utah and Wash ington proponents either chooses the direct or indirect method (Schaffner, 2012). A referendum is a direct method of voting where an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject an article proposal. This may lead to ratification of a new constitution, amendment, law or recall of an elected official. Legislative referendum is where the legislature refers a measure to the voters for approval. Popular referendum is a measure that appears on the ballot as a result of a voter petition. Legislative referendums are less controversial than citizen initiatives with high success rates. Popular referendum is a means that allow voters to approved or repeal an act of the legislature. Law passed that citizens do not approved for may lead to gathering of signatures to demand a popular vote. Advisory referendum is where the legislature and in some states the governor places a question on the ballot to asses voter opinion where the results are not binding. A recall is a procedure where voters remove an elected official from office through a direct vote when sufficient vot ers sign a petition. It allows citizens to remove from office a public official before the expiry of the term. Recall is apolitical device different from impeachment that is a legal device (Aldrich, 1995). Media Bias Professional who constitute Americas mainstream news media are mainly left oriented and democrats. They make it clear that they are giving their opinions and analysis of the news as they perceive it rather than being impartial and focus on research so as to represent relevant facts to the audience. A more useful way of measuring the news media political and ideological makeup is to examine what the professional in the industry believe about a wide array of social, ethical amend political issues. Bias manifests itself not in the form of outright lies but as a function of what reporters choose not to tell their audience. They omit factors so as to avoid contradicting the political narrative they wish to propagate. Some mangers in American newsrooms are so ideologically entrenched that there is a feeling and discussion that some of them have a difficult time reviewing a story that reflects negatively upon government or the administration. Politicians are a biased lot and they belong to political parties that champion policies and ideologies. Irrespective of their thought these ideologies are common since they do perceive their political conversations as politics. Journalist do also speak form a political position but the industry ethics and the objective of fairness do influence there profession that endeavors to do the right thing. This objective is met through fairness to those concerned with the news covered, completeness and accuracy. The American press is a unified voice with a distinct bias that generates a simplistic thinking that fits the needs of an ideological struggle. American media bias is as a result of journalist failure to reflect upon the meaning of the premise and assumptions that supports their practice because the mass media wanted to apply a narrative structure to ambiguous events in order to create a coherent and casual sense of events (Reichley, 2000). WORKS CITED: Aldrich, J. H. (1995). Why parties?: The origin and transformation of political parties in America. Chicago [u.a.: Univ. of Chicago Press. Reichley, A. J. (2000). The life of the parties: A history of American political parties. Lanham, Md [u.a.: Rowman Littlefield. Schaffner, B. F. (2012). Politics, parties, and elections in America. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Organizational Plans Essay

Many organizations design and implement plans that are put into action to ensure that each department of a company is running as efficiently and as effectively as possible. There are three main plans that organizations use to assist managers with the tasks of achieving their goals; strategic planning, tactical planning, and operational planning. Strategic planning is the broad overview of goals and strategies made by top-level management, which are set for the long-term future. Tactical planning is taking these long-term goals and breaking them down into more specific and direct objectives. â€Å"Operational planning identifies the specific procedures and processes required at lower levels of the organization.† (Bateman & Snell, 2011). All three of these planning procedures are crucial in the success of an organized and successful company. In addition, a business might want to set up a contingency plan. A contingency plan will come into action if any of the prior plans should fail. If we take a look at Subaru of America, we can see that their structure depends on these three organizational plans. This vast of an organization needs as much planning as possible because there is such a variety of departments and management alike, there need to be plans set in place so that the company can operate as one complete unit. Using the strategic plan, Subaru of America is able to let its top-level managers make decisions for future business. Using the tactical plan, the strategic plan is broke down between departments and has specific goals and deadlines. These goals are then passed onto floor managers who in turn put the goals and strategies into action. These goals can either be â€Å"single-use,† or on going day-to-day tasks. References Bateman, T. S., & Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading & collaborating in a competitive world (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin

On Finding Nightingales in Human Voices Essay

Anne Finch’s â€Å"To the Nightingale† is an ode to a Muse, which is represented by the nightingale. The poem is written in a series of rhyming couplets that provides it a singsong rhythm throughout, which is appropriate for its subject. When emphasizing the merits of being a nightingale, the speaker articulates the difficulties of being a human poet, subject to judgment by his critics. In â€Å"To the Nightingale†, though the narrator recognizes the significance of the nightingale and even bestows upon it affirmative adjectives such as â€Å"sweet† and lofty titles like â€Å"harbinger of spring† (line 1), he knows the limitations of the bird as a poet. The first four lines indicate the admiration of the speaker for the nightingale. â€Å"This moment I attend to praise† (line 3) refers to the moment in which the nightingale will sing to announce the coming of spring. The speaker wishes to be as free with expressing himself, like the nightingale. As the line â€Å"Free as thine shall be my song† (line 5) indicates, he believes that as a human being, his singing is more restricted by his audience. On the other hand, the nightingale sings according to its nature, whether or not it pleases anyone. There is no fear of being ridiculed, or anxieties about not being praised. Moreover, the beauty of the nightingale’s singing is in its freedom: â€Å"Poets, wild as thee, were born/ Pleasing best when unconfined/ When to please is least designed/ Soothing but their cares to rest† (lines 7-10). These four lines may also suggest that the speaker is hoping to experience the same â€Å"unconfined† performance. Indeed, if the nightingale is his muse, he is inspired by its sheer autonomy and being true to itself. Some artists need their personal pain in order to produce depth of feeling. An artist who is experiencing problems while composing sad ballads will create genuine emotion which will be felt by their audience: â€Å"Cares do still their thoughts molest/ And still the unhappy poet’s breast, /Like thine, when best he sings, is placed against a thorn† (lines 11-13). The three lines, however, may also signify the other way around – that when at his best, a poet may experience loneliness brought by success. The next few lines incorporate gold as a metaphor for the beauty and the effect of the nightingale’s song, after praising the sweetness of it. â€Å"Canst thou syllables refine/Melt a sense that shall retain/Still some spirit of the brain† (lines 18-20). The words â€Å"refine† and â€Å"melt† elucidate the worth of the nightingale’s song. It can create something equivalent to gold, which consequently leaves a mark in the listener’s mind. The poem starts to change its tone by line 21. The speaker seems to expect more out of the nightingale, by asking it to change its note. He further commands â€Å"let division shake thy throat† (line 22), longing for the joyous varying and fluttering of the golden voice. At this point, the human poet, though still admiring the singing bird, becomes aware of discontent within himself. The lovely song may not have changed its tune for some other listener, but for the narrator it has in some way for he says â€Å"cease then, prithee, cease thy tune† (line 26). He even calls his muse â€Å"trifler†, or someone who takes nothing seriously by being a constant dreamer. â€Å"Wilt thou sing till June† (line 27), he asks. He previously tags the nightingale as a â€Å"harbinger of spring†. He then wonders if it will continue its singing even when summer is near. It is as if the nightingale has been given an obligation to announce spring, and when that obligation has been fulfilled there is no need to keep on going. The speaker has started to question inspiration and leans toward practicality. The speaker believes that there is too big a difference between a nightingale and a human poet; he has stopped dreaming about attempting to recreate the singing of a nightingale through human voice. â€Å"Thus we poets that have speech/ Unlike what the forests teach† (lines 30-31). To ease this discouragement, he lifts the human advantage of being able to speak. â€Å"If a fluent vein be shown/That’s transcendent to our own/ Criticize, reform, or preach/ Or censure what we cannot reach (lines 32-35). Nevertheless, he discerns what he is trying to do; he can identify the human trait of disparaging a talent or a quality that he cannot achieve for himself. â€Å"To the Nightingale† explores the dilemma of exploring a dream and aiming to reach its zenith without any thought of its limitations and consequences, and of choosing practicality and realistic aspirations. The poem achieves a light, song-like rhythm which prevents it from being completely dreary even at its despondent but sensible end.